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Liebe(r) Perl Monger(in),

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  1. NAME
  2. SYNOPSIS
    1. Overview
    2. Tutorials
    3. Reference Manual
    4. Internals and C Language Interface
    5. Miscellaneous
    6. Language-Specific
    7. Platform-Specific
  3. DESCRIPTION
  4. AVAILABILITY
  5. ENVIRONMENT
  6. AUTHOR
  7. FILES
  8. SEE ALSO
  9. DIAGNOSTICS
  10. BUGS
  11. NOTES

NAME

perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

SYNOPSIS

perl S<[ -sTuU ]> S<[ -hv ] [ -V[:configvar] ]>

S<[ -cw ] [ -d[:debugger] ] [ -D[number/list] ]>
S<[ -pna ] [ -F>pattern ] [ -l[octal] ] [ -0[octal] ]>
S<[ I>dir ] [ -m[]module ] [ M[]'module...' ]>
S<[ -P ]> S<[ -S ]> S<[ -x[dir] ]>
S<[ -i[extension] ]> S<[ -e 'command' ]
[ -- ] [ programfile ] [ argument ]...>

If you're new to Perl, you should start with perlintro, which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.

For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.

Overview

perl Perl overview (this section)
perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
perltoc Perl documentation table of contents

Tutorials

perlreftut Perl references short introduction
perldsc Perl data structures intro
perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
perlrequick 	Perl regular expressions quick start
perlretut		Perl regular expressions tutorial
perlboot		Perl OO tutorial for beginners
perltoot		Perl OO tutorial, part 1
perltooc		Perl OO tutorial, part 2
perlbot		Perl OO tricks and examples
perlstyle		Perl style guide
perlcheat		Perl cheat sheet
perltrap		Perl traps for the unwary
perldebtut		Perl debugging tutorial
perlfaq		Perl frequently asked questions
  perlfaq1		General Questions About Perl
  perlfaq2		Obtaining and Learning about Perl
  perlfaq3		Programming Tools
  perlfaq4		Data Manipulation
  perlfaq5		Files and Formats
  perlfaq6		Regexes
  perlfaq7		Perl Language Issues
  perlfaq8		System Interaction
  perlfaq9		Networking

Reference Manual

perlsyn Perl syntax
perldata Perl data structures
perlop Perl operators and precedence
perlsub Perl subroutines
perlfunc Perl built-in functions
perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
perlpod Perl plain old documentation
perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
perlrun Perl execution and options
perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
perldebug Perl debugging
perlvar Perl predefined variables
perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
perlform Perl formats
perlobj Perl objects
perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
perlipc		Perl interprocess communication
perlfork		Perl fork() information
perlnumber		Perl number semantics
perlthrtut		Perl threads tutorial
  perlothrtut	Old Perl threads tutorial
perlport		Perl portability guide
perllocale		Perl locale support
perluniintro	Perl Unicode introduction
perlunicode 	Perl Unicode support
perlebcdic		Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
perlsec		Perl security
perlmod		Perl modules: how they work
perlmodlib		Perl modules: how to write and use
perlmodstyle	Perl modules: how to write modules with style
perlmodinstall	Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
perlnewmod		Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
perlutil		utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
perlcompile 	Perl compiler suite intro
perlfilter		Perl source filters

Internals and C Language Interface

perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
perlapi		Perl API listing (autogenerated)
perlintern		Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
perliol		C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
perlapio		Perl internal IO abstraction interface
perlhack		Perl hackers guide

Miscellaneous

perlbook Perl book information
perltodo Perl things to do
perldoc		Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
perlhist		Perl history records
perldelta		Perl changes since previous version
perl584delta	Perl changes in version 5.8.4
perl583delta	Perl changes in version 5.8.3
perl582delta	Perl changes in version 5.8.2
perl581delta	Perl changes in version 5.8.1
perl58delta 	Perl changes in version 5.8.0
perl573delta	Perl changes in version 5.7.3
perl572delta	Perl changes in version 5.7.2
perl571delta	Perl changes in version 5.7.1
perl570delta	Perl changes in version 5.7.0
perl561delta	Perl changes in version 5.6.1
perl56delta 	Perl changes in version 5.6
perl5005delta	Perl changes in version 5.005
perl5004delta	Perl changes in version 5.004
perlartistic	Perl Artistic License
perlgpl		GNU General Public License

Language-Specific

perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)

Platform-Specific

perlaix Perl notes for A Ibr perlamiga Perl notes for Amiga OS
perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo Domain OS
perlbeos Perl notes for Be OS
perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
perlce Perl notes for Win CE
perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
perldgux Perl notes for DG/Ubr perldos Perl notes for DOS
perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
perlfreebsd Perl notes for Free BSD
perlhpux Perl notes for HP-Ubr perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
perlirix Perl notes for Irix
perlmachten Perl notes for Power Mach Ten
perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS br perlmint Perl notes for Mi NT
perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/ibr perlnetware Perl notes for Net Ware
perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
perlqnx Perl notes for Q Nbr perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
perluts Perl notes for UTS
perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
perlvms Perl notes for VMS
perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows

By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the /usr directory.

Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation in the /usr directory (or else in the man subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find documentation for third-party modules there.

You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1) program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the configuration has installed the manpages, type:

perl -V:man.dir

If the directories have a common stem, such as /usr and /usr, you need only to add that stem (/usr) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add both stems.

If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the supplied perldoc script to view module information. You might also look into getting a replacement man program.

If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not sure where you should look for help, try the -w switch first. It will often point out exactly where the trouble is.

DESCRIPTION

Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, elegant, minimal).

Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best features of C, sed, awk, and sh, so people familiar with those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language historians will also note some vestiges of csh, Pascal, and even BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory, Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid security holes.

If you have a problem that would ordinarily use sed or awk or sh, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster, and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for you. There are also translators to turn your sed and awk scripts into Perl scripts.

But wait, there's more...

Begun in 1993 (see perlhist), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:

  • modularity and reusability using innumerable modules Described in L&lt;perlmod&gt;, L&lt;perlmodlib&gt;, and L&lt;perlmodinstall&gt;.
  • embeddable and extensible Described in L&lt;perlembed&gt;, L&lt;perlxstut&gt;, L&lt;perlxs&gt;, L&lt;perlcall&gt;, L&lt;perlguts&gt;, and L&lt;xsubpp&gt;.
  • roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations) Described in L&lt;perltie&gt; and L&lt;AnyDBM File&gt;.
  • subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped Described in L&lt;perlsub&gt;.
  • arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions Described in L&lt;perlreftut&gt;, L&lt;perlref&gt;, L&lt;perldsc&gt;, and L&lt;perllol&gt;.
  • object-oriented programming Described in L&lt;perlobj&gt;, L&lt;perlboot&gt;, L&lt;perltoot&gt;, L&lt;perltooc&gt;, and L&lt;perlbot&gt;.
  • support for light-weight processes (threads) Described in L&lt;perlthrtut&gt; and L&lt;threads&gt;.
  • support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization Described in L&lt;perluniintro&gt;, L&lt;perllocale&gt; and L&lt;Locale::Maketext&gt;.
  • lexical scoping Described in L&lt;perlsub&gt;.
  • regular expression enhancements Described in L&lt;perlre&gt;, with additional examples in L&lt;perlop&gt;.
  • enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, with integrated editor support Described in L&lt;perldebtut&gt;, L&lt;perldebug&gt; and L&lt;perldebguts&gt;.
  • POSIX 1003.1 compliant library Described in L&lt;POSIX&gt;.

Okay, that's definitely enough hype.

AVAILABILITY

Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually all Unix-like platforms. See perlport/"Supported Platforms" for a listing.

ENVIRONMENT

See perlrun.

AUTHOR

Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .

FILES

"@INC" locations of perl libraries

SEE ALSO

a2p awk to perl translator
s2p sed to perl translator
http://www.perl.com/       the Perl Home Page
http://www.cpan.org/       the Comprehensive Perl Archive
http://www.perl.org/       Perl Mongers (Perl user groups)

DIAGNOSTICS

The use warnings pragma (and the -w switch) produces some lovely diagnostics.

See perldiag for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings and errors into these longer forms.

Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined. (In a script passed to Perl via -e switches, each -e is counted as one line.)

Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error messages such as "Insecure dependency". See perlsec.

Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the -w switch?

BUGS

The -w switch is not mandatory.

Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point output with sprintf().

If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread() and syswrite().)

While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers, so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being affected by wraparound).

You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source tree, or by perl -V) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded in compiling perl, the perlbug script in the utils/ subdirectory can be used to help mail in a bug report.

Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but don't tell anyone I said that.

NOTES

The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.

The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness, Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.

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